diff --git a/multiply_strings/src/main.rs b/multiply_strings/src/main.rs
index d67a7b3..6210ac7 100644
--- a/multiply_strings/src/main.rs
+++ b/multiply_strings/src/main.rs
@@ -1,73 +1,81 @@
-pub fn multiply(num1: String, num2: String) -> String {
-    //
+struct S();
 
-    let mut out: Vec<u32> = (0..(num1.len() + num2.len()))
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|_| 0)
-        .collect();
+impl S {
+    pub fn multiply(num1: String, num2: String) -> String {
+        let l1 = num1.len();
+        let l2 = num2.len();
+        // get the longest one as num1
+        let (num1, num2) = if l1 < l2 { (num2, num1) } else { (num1, num2) };
 
-    let l1 = num1.len();
-    let l2 = num2.len();
-
-    // get the longest one as num1
-    let (num1, num2) = if l1 < l2 { (num2, num1) } else { (num1, num2) };
-
-    for (i2, d2) in num2.chars().rev().enumerate() {
-        let mut mcarry = 0;
-        let mut tmp: Vec<u32> = (0..i2).into_iter().map(|_| 0).collect();
-        let d2 = d2.to_digit(10).unwrap();
-        for d1 in num1.chars().rev() {
-            let d1 = d1.to_digit(10).unwrap();
-            let p = (d1 * d2) + mcarry;
-            mcarry = p / 10;
-            let p = p % 10;
-            tmp.push(p);
+        if l1 == 0 || l2 == 0 {
+            return "0".to_string();
         }
-        if mcarry > 0 {
-            tmp.push(mcarry);
+        let tsize = l1.max(l2);
+
+        let mut out: Vec<u32> = (0..(num1.len() + num2.len()))
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|_| 0)
+            .collect();
+        for (i2, d2) in num2.chars().rev().enumerate() {
+            let mut mcarry = 0;
+            let mut tmp: Vec<u32> = (0..i2).into_iter().map(|_| 0).collect();
+            tmp.reserve(tsize - i2);
+            let d2 = d2.to_digit(10).unwrap();
+            for d1 in num1.chars().rev() {
+                let d1 = d1.to_digit(10).unwrap();
+                let p = (d1 * d2) + mcarry;
+                mcarry = p / 10;
+                let p = p % 10;
+                tmp.push(p);
+            }
+            if mcarry > 0 {
+                tmp.push(mcarry);
+            }
+            Self::merge(&mut out, &tmp);
         }
-        merge(&mut out, &tmp);
-    }
-    while let Some(last) = out.last() {
-        if *last == 0 {
-            let len = out.len() - 1;
-            out = out[0..len].to_vec();
+
+        let s: String = out
+            .into_iter()
+            .rev()
+            .skip_while(|d| *d == 0)
+            // SAFETY: the input is guaranteed to be valid
+            .map(|d| unsafe { char::from_digit(d, 10).unwrap_unchecked() })
+            .collect();
+
+        if s.is_empty() {
+            "0".to_string()
         } else {
-            break;
+            s
         }
     }
-    if out.is_empty() {
-        out.push(0);
-    }
 
-    out.iter().rev().map(|d| d.to_string()).collect()
-}
+    fn merge(out: &mut [u32], rhs: &[u32]) {
+        //
+        let mut acarry = 0;
+        let len = rhs.len();
+        (0..len).for_each(|i| {
+            let oi = out[i];
+            let ri = rhs[i];
+            let s = oi + ri + acarry;
+            acarry = s / 10;
+            let s = s % 10;
+            out[i] = s;
+        });
 
-fn merge(out: &mut [u32], rhs: &[u32]) {
-    //
-    let mut acarry = 0;
-    let len = rhs.len();
-    (0..len).for_each(|i| {
-        let oi = out[i];
-        let ri = rhs[i];
-        let s = oi + ri + acarry;
-        acarry = s / 10;
-        let s = s % 10;
-        out[i] = s;
-    });
-    if acarry > 0 {
-        out[len] = acarry;
+        if acarry > 0 {
+            out[len] = acarry;
+        }
     }
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    dbg!(multiply("2".to_string(), "4".to_string()));
-    dbg!(multiply("27".to_string(), "49".to_string()));
-    dbg!(multiply(
+    dbg!(S::multiply("2".to_string(), "4".to_string()));
+    dbg!(S::multiply("27".to_string(), "49".to_string()));
+    dbg!(S::multiply(
         "20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
             .to_string(),
         "4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000".to_string()
     ));
 
-    dbg!(multiply("0".to_string(), "8".to_string()));
+    dbg!(S::multiply("".to_string(), "88".to_string()));
 }