diff --git a/src/auth.rs b/src/auth.rs
index 5be38d3..c01d7da 100644
--- a/src/auth.rs
+++ b/src/auth.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+use axum::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
 use axum_login::{AuthUser, AuthnBackend, UserId};
+use http::StatusCode;
 use julid::Julid;
 use password_auth::verify_password;
 use sqlx::SqlitePool;
@@ -88,3 +90,16 @@ pub async fn session_layer(pool: SqlitePool) -> SessionManagerLayer<SqliteStore>
         .with_secure(false)
         .with_expiry(Expiry::OnInactivity(SESSION_TTL))
 }
+
+impl IntoResponse for AuthError {
+    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+        match self.0 {
+            AuthErrorKind::Internal => (
+                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                "An unknown error occurred; you cursed, brah?",
+            )
+                .into_response(),
+            AuthErrorKind::Unknown => (StatusCode::OK, "Not successful.").into_response(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 295210a..f64c07e 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use axum::{
     body::Body,
     middleware,
-    response::IntoResponse,
+    response::{IntoResponse, Response},
     routing::{get, post, IntoMakeService},
 };
 use axum_login::AuthManagerLayerBuilder;
@@ -116,16 +116,16 @@ pub async fn app(db_pool: sqlx::SqlitePool) -> IntoMakeService<axum::Router> {
 //-************************************************************************
 
 pub(crate) trait Wender {
-    fn wender(self) -> Body;
+    fn wender(self) -> Response;
 }
 
 impl Wender for askama::Result<String> {
-    fn wender(self) -> Body {
+    fn wender(self) -> Response {
         let b = self.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             tracing::error!("got error rendering template: {e}");
             "".to_string()
         });
-        Body::new(b)
+        Body::new(b).into_response()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/login.rs b/src/login.rs
index dcf14a4..bfad581 100644
--- a/src/login.rs
+++ b/src/login.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use askama::Template;
 use axum::{
-    http::StatusCode,
-    response::{IntoResponse, Redirect, Response},
+    response::{IntoResponse, Redirect},
     Form,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -15,19 +14,6 @@ use crate::{
 // Login error and success types
 //-************************************************************************
 
-impl IntoResponse for AuthError {
-    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
-        match self.0 {
-            AuthErrorKind::Internal => (
-                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                "An unknown error occurred; you cursed, brah?",
-            )
-                .into_response(),
-            AuthErrorKind::Unknown => (StatusCode::OK, "Not successful.").into_response(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 // for receiving form submissions
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct LoginPostForm {
@@ -58,7 +44,7 @@ pub async fn post_login(
     let dest = login_form.destination.take();
     let user = match auth.authenticate(login_form.clone().into()).await {
         Ok(Some(user)) => user,
-        Ok(None) => return Ok(LoginPage::default().render().wender().into_response()),
+        Ok(None) => return Ok(LoginPage::default().render().wender()),
         Err(_) => {
             let err: AuthError = AuthErrorKind::Internal.into();
             return Err(err.into());
@@ -87,7 +73,7 @@ pub async fn get_logout() -> impl IntoResponse {
 
 pub async fn post_logout(mut auth: AuthSession) -> impl IntoResponse {
     match auth.logout().await {
-        Ok(_) => LogoutSuccessPage.render().wender().into_response(),
+        Ok(_) => LogoutSuccessPage.render().wender(),
         Err(e) => {
             tracing::debug!("{e}");
             let e: AuthError = AuthErrorKind::Internal.into();
diff --git a/src/signup/handlers.rs b/src/signup/handlers.rs
index 8ea9b4a..ec2458b 100644
--- a/src/signup/handlers.rs
+++ b/src/signup/handlers.rs
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ pub async fn get_create_user(
         ..Default::default()
     }
     .render()
-    .wender()
-    .into_response())
+    .wender())
 }
 
 /// Post Handler: validates form values and calls the actual, private user
@@ -127,10 +126,7 @@ pub async fn get_signup_success(
             .unwrap_or_default()
     };
 
-    let mut resp = SignupSuccessPage(user.clone())
-        .render()
-        .wender()
-        .into_response();
+    let mut resp = SignupSuccessPage(user.clone()).render().wender();
 
     if user.username.is_empty() || id.is_alpha() {
         // redirect to front page if we got here without a valid user ID
diff --git a/src/watches/handlers.rs b/src/watches/handlers.rs
index f57ae66..0de7a57 100644
--- a/src/watches/handlers.rs
+++ b/src/watches/handlers.rs
@@ -286,7 +286,6 @@ pub async fn get_watch(
     }
     .render()
     .wender()
-    .into_response()
 }
 
 /// everything the user has saved
@@ -302,10 +301,7 @@ pub async fn get_watches(auth: AuthSession, State(pool): State<SqlitePool>) -> i
         vec![]
     };
 
-    MyWatchesPage { watches, user }
-        .render()
-        .wender()
-        .into_response()
+    MyWatchesPage { watches, user }.render().wender()
 }
 
 pub async fn get_watch_status(
@@ -323,10 +319,7 @@ pub async fn get_watch_status(
             .map_err(|e| {
                 tracing::error!("Got error from checking watch status: {e:?}");
             })?;
-        Ok(WatchStatusMenus { watch, quest }
-            .render()
-            .wender()
-            .into_response())
+        Ok(WatchStatusMenus { watch, quest }.render().wender())
     } else {
         Ok("<a href='/login'>Login to add</a>".into_response())
     }