diff --git a/src/login.rs b/src/login.rs
index 64c0328..9d597ee 100644
--- a/src/login.rs
+++ b/src/login.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ mod test {
 
     use crate::{
         templates::{Index, LoginGet, LogoutGet, LogoutPost},
-        test_utils::{get_user, server},
+        test_utils::{get_user, massage, server, FORM_CONTENT_TYPE},
     };
 
     const LOGIN_FORM: &str = "username=test_user&password=a";
@@ -124,14 +124,12 @@ mod test {
     async fn post_login_success() {
         let s = server().await;
 
-        let form = LOGIN_FORM.to_string();
-        let bytes = form.as_bytes();
-        let body = Bytes::copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        let body = massage(LOGIN_FORM);
 
         let resp = s
             .post("/login")
             .expect_failure()
-            .content_type("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+            .content_type(FORM_CONTENT_TYPE)
             .bytes(body)
             .await;
         assert_eq!(resp.status_code(), 303);
@@ -141,14 +139,13 @@ mod test {
     async fn post_login_bad_user() {
         let s = server().await;
 
-        let form = "username=test_LOSER&password=aaaa".to_string();
-        let bytes = form.as_bytes();
-        let body = Bytes::copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        let form = "username=test_LOSER&password=aaaa";
+        let body = massage(form);
 
         let resp = s
             .post("/login")
             .expect_success()
-            .content_type("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+            .content_type(FORM_CONTENT_TYPE)
             .bytes(body)
             .await;
         assert_eq!(resp.status_code(), 200);
@@ -158,14 +155,13 @@ mod test {
     async fn post_login_bad_password() {
         let s = server().await;
 
-        let form = "username=test_user&password=bbbb".to_string();
-        let bytes = form.as_bytes();
-        let body = Bytes::copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        let form = "username=test_user&password=bbbb";
+        let body = massage(form);
 
         let resp = s
             .post("/login")
             .expect_success()
-            .content_type("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+            .content_type(FORM_CONTENT_TYPE)
             .bytes(body)
             .await;
         assert_eq!(resp.status_code(), 200);
@@ -195,14 +191,11 @@ mod test {
 
         // log in and prove it
         {
-            let form = LOGIN_FORM.to_string();
-            let bytes = form.as_bytes();
-            let body = Bytes::copy_from_slice(bytes);
-
+            let body = massage(LOGIN_FORM);
             let resp = s
                 .post("/login")
                 .expect_failure()
-                .content_type("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+                .content_type(FORM_CONTENT_TYPE)
                 .bytes(body)
                 .await;
             assert_eq!(resp.status_code(), 303);
diff --git a/src/test_utils.rs b/src/test_utils.rs
index f6714f1..3f6559e 100644
--- a/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+use axum::body::Bytes;
 use axum_test::{TestServer, TestServerConfig};
 use sqlx::SqlitePool;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::User;
 
+pub const FORM_CONTENT_TYPE: &str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
+
 pub fn get_user() -> User {
     User {
         username: "test_user".to_string(),
@@ -72,3 +75,8 @@ pub async fn insert_user(user: &User, pool: &SqlitePool) {
         .await
         .unwrap();
 }
+
+// https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29MJySO7PGg
+pub fn massage(s: &str) -> Bytes {
+    Bytes::from_iter(s.chars().map(|c| c as u8))
+}