add drag, bias power to front

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 [package]
 name = "physics-test"
 version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
-avian3d = { git = "https://github.com/Jondolf/avian.git" }
 bevy = { version = "0.15", features = ["bevy_dev_tools"] }
-bevy-inspector-egui = "0.28"
+bevy-inspector-egui = "0.29"
+
+[dependencies.avian3d]
+default-features = false
+version = "0.2"
+features = ["3d", "f32", "parry-f32", "debug-plugin", "default-collider", "collider-from-mesh"]
+
 
 [features]
 no-mesh = []

src/bike.rs

@@ -1,40 +1,88 @@
-use std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
+use avian3d::{
-
+    math::{Scalar, FRAC_PI_2},
-use avian3d::prelude::*;
+    prelude::*,
+};
 use bevy::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::physics::CatControllerState;
 
+pub const SPRING_CONSTANT: Scalar = 60.0;
+pub const DAMPING_CONSTANT: Scalar = 10.0;
+pub const WHEEL_RADIUS: Scalar = 0.4;
+pub const REST_DISTANCE: Scalar = 1.5 + WHEEL_RADIUS;
+pub const FRICTION_COEFF: Scalar = 0.9;
+pub const FRONT_ATTACH: Vec3 = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -0.5);
+pub const REAR_ATTACH: Vec3 = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.5);
+
 #[derive(Component)]
 pub struct CyberBikeBody;
 
-#[derive(Component)]
+#[derive(Component, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub struct CyberWheel;
+pub enum CyberWheel {
+    Front,
+    Rear,
+}
 
-// marker for front suspension joint
+#[derive(Component, Clone, Copy, Debug, Reflect, Default)]
-#[derive(Component)]
+#[reflect(Component)]
-pub struct Steering;
+pub struct WheelState {
-#[derive(Component)]
+    pub displacement: Scalar,
-pub struct FrontHub;
+    pub force_normal: Scalar,
+    pub sliding: bool,
+    pub contact_point: Option<Vec3>,
+    pub contact_normal: Option<Vec3>,
+}
 
-// marker for rear suspension joint
+impl WheelState {
-#[derive(Component)]
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-pub struct Rearing;
+        *self = Self::default();
-#[derive(Component)]
+    }
-pub struct RearHub;
+}
+
+#[derive(Component, Clone, Copy, Debug, Reflect)]
+#[reflect(Component)]
+#[require(WheelState)]
+pub struct WheelConfig {
+    pub attach: Vec3,
+    pub rest_dist: Scalar,
+    pub konstant: Scalar,
+    pub damping: Scalar,
+    pub friction: Scalar,
+    pub radius: Scalar,
+}
+
+impl WheelConfig {
+    fn new(
+        attach: Vec3,
+        rest_dist: Scalar,
+        konstant: Scalar,
+        damping: Scalar,
+        friction: Scalar,
+        radius: Scalar,
+    ) -> Self {
+        WheelConfig {
+            attach,
+            rest_dist,
+            konstant,
+            damping,
+            friction,
+            radius,
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 fn spawn_bike(
     mut commands: Commands,
     mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
     mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
 ) {
-    let pos = Vec3::new(0.0, 4.0, 0.0);
+    let pos = Vec3::new(0.0, 5.0, 0.0);
-    let xform = Transform::from_translation(pos).with_rotation(Quat::from_rotation_z(0.0));
+    let xform = Transform::from_translation(pos); //.with_rotation(Quat::from_rotation_z(0.0));
 
     let body_collider =
         Collider::capsule_endpoints(0.5, Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, -0.65), Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.8));
 
-    let bike = commands
+    commands
         .spawn((xform, Visibility::default()))
         .insert((
             Name::new("body"),
@@ -44,110 +92,120 @@ fn spawn_bike(
             SleepingDisabled,
             CyberBikeBody,
             CatControllerState::default(),
-            ColliderDensity(20.0),
+            ColliderDensity(1.2),
+            AngularDamping(0.2),
             LinearDamping(0.1),
-            AngularDamping(2.0),
-            LinearVelocity::ZERO,
-            AngularVelocity::ZERO,
             ExternalForce::ZERO.with_persistence(false),
             ExternalTorque::ZERO.with_persistence(false),
         ))
         .with_children(|builder| {
             let color = Color::srgb(0.7, 0.05, 0.7);
-            let mut rotation = Transform::default(); // Transform::from_rotation(Quat::from_rotation_y(FRAC_PI_2));
+            let mut xform = Transform::default();
-            rotation.rotate_x(FRAC_PI_2);
+            xform.rotate_x(FRAC_PI_2);
             let pbr_bundle = (
                 Mesh3d(meshes.add(Capsule3d::new(0.5, 1.45))),
-                rotation,
+                xform,
                 MeshMaterial3d(materials.add(color)),
             );
             builder.spawn(pbr_bundle);
-        })
+            spawn_wheels(builder, meshes, materials, builder.parent_entity());
-        .id();
+        });
-
-    spawn_wheels(commands, meshes, materials, xform, bike);
 }
 
 fn spawn_wheels(
-    mut commands: Commands,
+    commands: &mut ChildBuilder,
     mut meshes: ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
     mut materials: ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
-    xform: Transform,
     body: Entity,
 ) {
-    let front_rake = Vec3::new(0.0, -1.0, -0.57).normalize(); // about 30 degrees
+    let mesh: Mesh = Sphere::new(WHEEL_RADIUS).into();
-    let front_pos = xform.translation + front_rake;
 
-    let (mesh, collider) = gen_tire();
+    let front_rake = Vec3::new(0.0, -1.0, -0.9).normalize(); // about 30 degrees
+    let front_wheel_pos = FRONT_ATTACH + (front_rake * REST_DISTANCE);
 
-    let front_hub = wheels_helper(
+    wheel_caster(
-        &mut commands,
+        commands,
+        FRONT_ATTACH,
+        Dir3::new_unchecked(front_rake),
+        body,
+        REST_DISTANCE,
+        CyberWheel::Front,
+    );
+    wheel_mesh(
+        commands,
         &mut meshes,
         &mut materials,
-        front_pos,
+        front_wheel_pos,
         mesh.clone(),
-        collider.clone(),
+        WheelConfig::new(
+            FRONT_ATTACH,
+            REST_DISTANCE,
+            SPRING_CONSTANT,
+            DAMPING_CONSTANT,
+            FRICTION_COEFF,
+            WHEEL_RADIUS,
+        ),
+        CyberWheel::Front,
     );
-    commands.entity(front_hub).insert(FrontHub);
-    commands.spawn((
-        Steering,
-        FixedJoint::new(front_hub, body).with_local_anchor_2(*xform.forward() + front_rake),
-    ));
 
-    let rear_rake = Vec3::new(0.0, -1.0, 0.57).normalize();
+    let rear_rake = Vec3::new(0.0, -1.0, 0.9).normalize();
-    let rear_pos = xform.translation + rear_rake;
+    let rear_wheel_pos = REAR_ATTACH + (rear_rake * REST_DISTANCE);
 
-    let rear_hub = wheels_helper(
+    wheel_caster(
-        &mut commands,
+        commands,
+        REAR_ATTACH,
+        Dir3::new_unchecked(rear_rake),
+        body,
+        REST_DISTANCE,
+        CyberWheel::Rear,
+    );
+    wheel_mesh(
+        commands,
         &mut meshes,
         &mut materials,
-        rear_pos,
+        rear_wheel_pos,
         mesh,
-        collider,
+        WheelConfig::new(
+            REAR_ATTACH,
+            REST_DISTANCE,
+            SPRING_CONSTANT,
+            DAMPING_CONSTANT,
+            FRICTION_COEFF,
+            WHEEL_RADIUS,
+        ),
+        CyberWheel::Rear,
     );
-    commands.entity(rear_hub).insert(RearHub);
-    commands.spawn((
-        Rearing,
-        FixedJoint::new(rear_hub, body).with_local_anchor_2(*xform.back() + rear_rake),
-    ));
 }
 
 //-************************************************************************
 // helper fns for the wheels
 //-************************************************************************
 
-fn gen_tire() -> (Mesh, Collider) {
+fn wheel_caster(
-    let mut tire_mesh: Mesh = Torus::new(0.25, 0.40).into();
+    commands: &mut ChildBuilder,
-    let tire_verts = tire_mesh
+    origin: Vec3,
-        .attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_POSITION)
+    direction: Dir3,
-        .unwrap()
+    parent: Entity,
-        .as_float3()
+    rest_dist: Scalar,
-        .unwrap()
+    wheel: CyberWheel,
-        .iter()
+) {
-        .map(|v| {
+    let caster = RayCaster::new(origin, direction)
-            //
+        .with_max_distance(rest_dist)
-            let v = Vec3::from_array(*v);
+        .with_max_hits(1)
-            let m = Mat3::from_rotation_z(90.0f32.to_radians());
+        .with_query_filter(SpatialQueryFilter::from_excluded_entities([parent]));
-            let p = m.mul_vec3(v);
-            p.to_array()
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<[f32; 3]>>();
-    tire_mesh.remove_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_POSITION);
-    tire_mesh.insert_attribute(Mesh::ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, tire_verts);
 
-    let collider = Collider::convex_hull_from_mesh(&tire_mesh).unwrap();
+    commands.spawn((caster, wheel));
-
-    (tire_mesh, collider)
 }
 
-fn wheels_helper(
+fn wheel_mesh(
-    commands: &mut Commands,
+    commands: &mut ChildBuilder,
     meshes: &mut ResMut<Assets<Mesh>>,
     materials: &mut ResMut<Assets<StandardMaterial>>,
     position: Vec3,
     tire_mesh: Mesh,
-    collider: Collider,
+    config: WheelConfig,
-) -> Entity {
+    wheel: CyberWheel,
+) {
     let wheel_material = &StandardMaterial {
         base_color: Color::srgb(0.01, 0.01, 0.01),
         alpha_mode: AlphaMode::Opaque,
@@ -156,47 +214,29 @@ fn wheels_helper(
     };
 
     let xform = Transform::from_translation(position);
-    let hub_mesh: Mesh = Sphere::new(0.1).into();
 
-    let hub = commands
+    let name = match wheel {
-        .spawn((
+        CyberWheel::Front => "front tire",
-            Name::new("hub"),
+        CyberWheel::Rear => "rear tire",
-            RigidBody::Dynamic,
+    };
-            MassPropertiesBundle::from_shape(&Collider::sphere(0.1), 200.0),
-            Mesh3d(meshes.add(hub_mesh)),
-            MeshMaterial3d(materials.add(wheel_material.clone())),
-            xform,
-        ))
-        .id();
 
-    let tire = commands
+    commands.spawn((
-        .spawn((
+        Name::new(name),
-            Name::new("tire"),
+        config,
-            Mesh3d(meshes.add(tire_mesh)),
+        Mesh3d(meshes.add(tire_mesh)),
-            MeshMaterial3d(materials.add(wheel_material.clone())),
+        MeshMaterial3d(materials.add(wheel_material.clone())),
-            xform,
+        xform,
-            CyberWheel,
+        TransformInterpolation,
-            RigidBody::Dynamic,
+        wheel,
-            collider,
+    ));
-            Friction::new(0.9).with_dynamic_coefficient(0.6),
-            Restitution::new(0.1),
-            ColliderDensity(30.0),
-            CollisionLayers::from_bits(2, 2),
-            ExternalTorque::ZERO.with_persistence(false),
-            CollisionMargin(0.05),
-            SweptCcd::NON_LINEAR,
-        ))
-        .id();
-
-    // connect hubs and tires to make wheels
-    commands.spawn(RevoluteJoint::new(hub, tire).with_aligned_axis(Vec3::X));
-    hub
 }
 
 pub struct CyberBikePlugin;
 
 impl Plugin for CyberBikePlugin {
     fn build(&self, app: &mut App) {
+        app.register_type::<WheelConfig>();
+        app.register_type::<WheelState>();
         app.add_systems(Startup, spawn_bike);
     }
 }

src/camera.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ impl Default for DebugCamOffset {
     fn default() -> Self {
         DebugCamOffset {
             rot: 60.0,
-            dist: 10.0,
+            dist: 30.0,
             alt: 4.0,
         }
     }
@@ -36,34 +36,28 @@ fn update_camera_pos(mut offset: ResMut<DebugCamOffset>, mut keys: ResMut<Button
             KeyCode::ArrowRight => offset.rot += 5.0,
             KeyCode::ArrowUp => {
                 if shifted {
-                    bevy::log::info!("up, shifted");
                     offset.alt += 0.5;
                 } else {
-                    bevy::log::info!("up");
                     offset.dist -= 0.5;
                 }
             }
             KeyCode::ArrowDown => {
                 if shifted {
-                    bevy::log::info!("down, shifted");
                     offset.alt -= 0.5;
                 } else {
-                    bevy::log::info!("down");
                     offset.dist += 0.5;
                 }
             }
+            KeyCode::KeyR => {
+                *offset = DebugCamOffset::default();
+            }
             _ => continue,
         }
     }
 
-    let just_released: HashSet<_> = keys.get_just_released().cloned().collect();
+    let released: Vec<_> = keys.get_just_released().copied().collect();
-    if !just_released.is_empty() {
+    for key in released {
-        let released_shift = just_released.contains(&KeyCode::ShiftLeft)
+        keys.clear_just_released(key);
-            || just_released.contains(&KeyCode::ShiftRight);
-        keys.reset_all();
-        if !released_shift && shifted {
-            keys.press(KeyCode::ShiftLeft);
-        }
     }
 }
 

src/input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use bevy::{
+    input::gamepad::{GamepadAxisChangedEvent, GamepadButtonChangedEvent, GamepadEvent},
+    prelude::*,
+};
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Resource)]
+pub(crate) struct InputState {
+    pub yaw: f32,
+    pub throttle: f32,
+    pub brake: bool,
+    pub pitch: f32,
+}
+
+fn update_input(mut events: EventReader<GamepadEvent>, mut istate: ResMut<InputState>) {
+    for pad_event in events.read() {
+        match pad_event {
+            GamepadEvent::Button(button_event) => {
+                let GamepadButtonChangedEvent { button, value, .. } = button_event;
+                match button {
+                    GamepadButton::RightTrigger2 => istate.throttle = *value,
+                    GamepadButton::LeftTrigger2 => istate.throttle = -value,
+                    GamepadButton::East => {
+                        istate.brake = value > &0.5;
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            GamepadEvent::Axis(axis_event) => {
+                let GamepadAxisChangedEvent { axis, value, .. } = axis_event;
+                match axis {
+                    GamepadAxis::LeftStickX => {
+                        istate.yaw = *value;
+                    }
+                    GamepadAxis::RightStickY => {
+                        istate.pitch = *value;
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            GamepadEvent::Connection(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CyberInputPlugin;
+impl Plugin for CyberInputPlugin {
+    fn build(&self, app: &mut App) {
+        app.init_resource::<InputState>()
+            .add_systems(Update, update_input);
+    }
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use avian3d::prelude::{
     Collider, ColliderDensity, CollisionLayers, CollisionMargin, Friction, PhysicsGizmos, RigidBody,
 };
 use bevy::{
-    color::palettes::css::SILVER,
+    color::{palettes::css::SILVER, Alpha},
     pbr::MeshMaterial3d,
     prelude::{
         default, App, AppGizmoBuilder, Assets, BuildChildren, ButtonInput, ChildBuild, Color,
@@ -15,10 +15,12 @@ use bevy_inspector_egui::quick::WorldInspectorPlugin;
 
 mod bike;
 mod camera;
+mod input;
 mod physics;
 
 use bike::CyberBikePlugin;
 use camera::CamPlug;
+use input::CyberInputPlugin;
 use physics::CyberPhysicsPlugin;
 
 fn main() {
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ fn main() {
         DefaultPlugins,
         CamPlug,
         CyberBikePlugin,
+        CyberInputPlugin,
         CyberPhysicsPlugin,
         WorldInspectorPlugin::new(),
     ))
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ fn ground_and_light(
         .spawn((
             spatial_bundle,
             RigidBody::Static,
-            Collider::cuboid(50.0, 5., 50.0),
+            Collider::cuboid(500.0, 5., 500.0),
             CollisionMargin(0.1),
             ColliderDensity(1000.0),
             CollisionLayers::ALL,
@@ -65,8 +68,8 @@ fn ground_and_light(
         ))
         .with_children(|p| {
             let bundle = (
-                Mesh3d(meshes.add(Plane3d::default().mesh().size(50.0, 50.0))),
+                Mesh3d(meshes.add(Plane3d::default().mesh().size(500.0, 500.0))),
-                MeshMaterial3d(materials.add(Color::from(SILVER))),
+                MeshMaterial3d(materials.add(Color::from(SILVER).with_alpha(0.7))),
                 Transform::from_xyz(0.0, 2.5, 0.0),
                 Visibility::Visible,
             );

src/physics.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-use avian3d::prelude::*;
+use avian3d::{math::Scalar, prelude::*};
 use bevy::prelude::*;
 
+const DRAG_COEFF: Scalar = 0.1;
+
 #[derive(Resource, Default, Debug, Reflect)]
 #[reflect(Resource)]
 struct CyberLean {
@@ -18,9 +20,9 @@ pub struct CatControllerSettings {
 impl Default for CatControllerSettings {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            kp: 1200.0,
+            kp: 16.0,
-            kd: 10.0,
+            kd: 2.0,
-            ki: 50.0,
+            ki: 0.9,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -29,7 +31,6 @@ impl Default for CatControllerSettings {
 pub struct CatControllerState {
     pub roll_integral: f32,
     pub roll_prev: f32,
-    decay_factor: f32,
     roll_limit: f32,
 }
 
@@ -38,19 +39,12 @@ impl Default for CatControllerState {
         Self {
             roll_integral: Default::default(),
             roll_prev: Default::default(),
-            decay_factor: 0.99,
             roll_limit: 1.5,
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl CatControllerState {
-    pub fn decay(&mut self) {
-        if self.roll_integral.abs() > 0.001 {
-            self.roll_integral *= self.decay_factor;
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn update_roll(&mut self, error: f32, dt: f32) -> (f32, f32) {
         let lim = self.roll_limit;
         self.roll_integral = (self.roll_integral + (error * dt)).min(lim).max(-lim);
@@ -58,29 +52,19 @@ impl CatControllerState {
         self.roll_prev = error;
         (derivative, self.roll_integral)
     }
-
-    pub fn set_integral_limits(&mut self, roll: f32) {
-        self.roll_limit = roll;
-    }
 }
 
 mod systems {
-    use std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_3;
+    use std::f32::consts::{FRAC_PI_3, FRAC_PI_4};
 
     use avian3d::prelude::*;
     use bevy::prelude::*;
 
-    use super::{CatControllerSettings, CatControllerState, CyberLean};
+    use super::{CatControllerSettings, CatControllerState, CyberLean, DRAG_COEFF};
-    use crate::bike::CyberBikeBody;
+    use crate::{
-
+        bike::{CyberBikeBody, CyberWheel, WheelConfig, WheelState, WHEEL_RADIUS},
-    fn _yaw_to_angle(yaw: f32) -> f32 {
+        input::InputState,
-        let v = yaw.powi(5) * FRAC_PI_3;
+    };
-        if v.is_normal() {
-            v
-        } else {
-            0.0
-        }
-    }
 
     fn rotate_point(pt: &Vec3, rot: &Quat) -> Vec3 {
         // thanks to https://danceswithcode.net/engineeringnotes/quaternions/quaternions.html
@@ -95,32 +79,48 @@ mod systems {
 
     pub(super) fn calculate_lean(
         bike_state: Query<(&LinearVelocity, &Transform), With<CyberBikeBody>>,
+        wheels: Query<&GlobalTransform, With<CyberWheel>>,
+        input: Res<InputState>,
+        gravity: Res<Gravity>,
         mut lean: ResMut<CyberLean>,
     ) {
+        let mut wheels = wheels.iter();
+        let w1 = wheels.next().unwrap();
+        let w2 = wheels.next().unwrap();
+        let base = (w1.translation() - w2.translation()).length().abs();
         let (velocity, xform) = bike_state.single();
         let vel = velocity.dot(*xform.forward());
         let v_squared = vel.powi(2);
-        let wheel_base = 1.145f32;
+        let steering_angle = yaw_to_angle(input.yaw);
-        let radius = wheel_base;
+        let radius = base / steering_angle.tan();
-        let gravity = -9.8f32;
+        let gravity = gravity.0.length();
         let v2_r = v_squared / radius;
         let tan_theta = (v2_r / gravity).clamp(-FRAC_PI_3, FRAC_PI_3);
 
         if tan_theta.is_normal() {
-            lean.lean = -tan_theta.atan().clamp(-FRAC_PI_3, FRAC_PI_3);
+            lean.lean = tan_theta.atan().clamp(-FRAC_PI_3, FRAC_PI_3);
         } else {
-            lean.lean = 0.0;
+            //lean.lean = 0.0;
         }
     }
 
     pub(super) fn apply_lean(
-        mut bike_query: Query<(&Transform, &mut ExternalTorque, &mut CatControllerState)>,
+        mut bike_query: Query<(&Transform, &mut ExternalForce, &mut CatControllerState)>,
+        wheels: Query<&WheelState>,
         time: Res<Time>,
         settings: Res<CatControllerSettings>,
         lean: Res<CyberLean>,
         mut gizmos: Gizmos,
     ) {
-        let (xform, mut torque, mut control_vars) = bike_query.single_mut();
+        let (xform, mut force, mut control_vars) = bike_query.single_mut();
+
+        let mut factor = 1.0;
+        for wheel in wheels.iter() {
+            if wheel.contact_point.is_none() {
+                factor -= 0.25;
+            }
+        }
+
         let world_up = Vec3::Y; //xform.translation.normalize();
         let rot = Quat::from_axis_angle(*xform.back(), lean.lean);
         let target_up = rotate_point(&world_up, &rot).normalize();
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ mod systems {
         // show which is forward
         gizmos.arrow(
             *xform.forward() + xform.translation,
-            1.5 * *xform.forward() + xform.translation,
+            2.5 * *xform.forward() + xform.translation,
             bevy::color::palettes::basic::PURPLE,
         );
 
@@ -150,19 +150,252 @@ mod systems {
             let mag =
                 (settings.kp * roll_error) + (settings.ki * integral) + (settings.kd * derivative);
             if mag.is_finite() {
-                let tork = mag * *xform.back();
+                let lean_force = factor * mag * *xform.left();
-                torque.apply_torque(tork);
+                force.apply_force_at_point(
+                    lean_force,
+                    xform.translation + *xform.up(),
+                    xform.translation,
+                );
                 gizmos.arrow(
-                    xform.translation + Vec3::Y,
+                    xform.translation + *xform.up(),
-                    xform.translation + tork + Vec3::Y,
+                    xform.translation + *xform.up() + lean_force,
                     Color::WHITE,
                 );
             }
         }
     }
+
+    fn yaw_to_angle(yaw: f32) -> f32 {
+        let v = yaw.powi(5) * FRAC_PI_4;
+        if v.is_normal() {
+            v
+        } else {
+            0.0
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn suspension(
+        mut bike_body_query: Query<(&Transform, &mut ExternalForce), With<CyberBikeBody>>,
+        mut wheel_mesh_query: Query<
+            (&mut Transform, &mut WheelState, &WheelConfig, &CyberWheel),
+            Without<CyberBikeBody>,
+        >,
+        caster_query: Query<(&RayCaster, &RayHits, &CyberWheel)>,
+        time: Res<Time>,
+        mut gizmos: Gizmos,
+    ) {
+        let dt = time.delta().as_secs_f32();
+
+        let mut front_caster = &RayCaster::default();
+        let mut rear_caster = &RayCaster::default();
+
+        let mut front_hits = &RayHits::default();
+        let mut rear_hits = &RayHits::default();
+
+        for (caster, hits, wheel) in caster_query.iter() {
+            match wheel {
+                CyberWheel::Front => {
+                    front_caster = caster;
+                    front_hits = hits;
+                }
+                CyberWheel::Rear => {
+                    rear_caster = caster;
+                    rear_hits = hits;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (bike_xform, mut bike_forces) = bike_body_query.single_mut();
+
+        for (mut xform, mut state, config, wheel) in wheel_mesh_query.iter_mut() {
+            let (caster, hits) = match wheel {
+                CyberWheel::Front => (front_caster, front_hits),
+                CyberWheel::Rear => (rear_caster, rear_hits),
+            };
+
+            if let Some(hit) = hits.iter().next() {
+                let dist = hit.distance;
+                let hit_point = caster.global_origin() + caster.global_direction() * dist;
+
+                let displacement = config.rest_dist - dist;
+                let damper_vel = (state.displacement - displacement) / dt;
+
+                let mag = config.konstant * displacement - config.damping * damper_vel;
+                let mag = mag.max(0.0);
+
+                state.force_normal = mag;
+                state.contact_normal = Some(hit.normal);
+                state.contact_point = Some(hit_point);
+                state.displacement = displacement;
+
+                let cdir = caster.direction.as_vec3();
+                xform.translation = config.attach + (cdir * (dist - WHEEL_RADIUS));
+
+                let force = hit.normal * mag * dt * 100.0;
+                gizmos.arrow(
+                    hit_point,
+                    hit_point + force,
+                    Color::linear_rgb(1., 0.5, 0.2),
+                );
+                bike_forces.apply_force_at_point(
+                    force,
+                    caster.global_origin(),
+                    bike_xform.translation,
+                );
+            } else {
+                xform.translation = config.attach + (caster.direction.as_vec3() * config.rest_dist);
+                state.reset();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn steering(
+        mut bike_query: Query<
+            (
+                &Transform,
+                &LinearVelocity,
+                &mut ExternalForce,
+                RigidBodyQueryReadOnly,
+            ),
+            With<CyberBikeBody>,
+        >,
+        mut wheels: Query<(&mut WheelState, &WheelConfig, &CyberWheel)>,
+        time: Res<Time>,
+        input: Res<InputState>,
+        mut gizmos: Gizmos,
+    ) {
+        let Ok((bike_xform, bike_vel, mut bike_force, bike_body)) = bike_query.get_single_mut()
+        else {
+            bevy::log::warn!("No entity for bike_query.");
+            return;
+        };
+        let bike_vel = bike_vel.0;
+
+        let dt = time.delta().as_secs_f32();
+        let max_thrust = 2000.0;
+        let yaw_angle = -yaw_to_angle(input.yaw);
+
+        for (mut state, config, wheel) in wheels.iter_mut() {
+            if let Some(contact_point) = state.contact_point {
+                // if contact_point is Some, we also have a normal.
+                let normal = state.contact_normal.unwrap().normalize();
+                let max_force_mag = state.force_normal * config.friction;
+
+                let rot = Quat::from_axis_angle(normal, yaw_angle);
+                let forward = normal.cross(*bike_xform.right());
+                let thrust_mag = input.throttle * max_thrust * dt;
+                let (thrust_dir, thrust_force) = match wheel {
+                    CyberWheel::Rear => (forward, thrust_mag * 0.1),
+                    CyberWheel::Front => (rot * forward, thrust_mag),
+                };
+
+                let thrust = thrust_force * thrust_dir;
+
+                let friction_dir = match wheel {
+                    CyberWheel::Front => normal.cross(thrust_dir),
+                    CyberWheel::Rear => normal.cross(*bike_xform.forward()),
+                };
+
+                let vel = bike_body.velocity_at_point(contact_point - bike_xform.translation);
+                let friction_factor = -0.025 * vel.dot(friction_dir);
+                let friction = (friction_factor / dt) * friction_dir;
+
+                let diff = bike_vel - vel;
+                bevy::log::debug!("{wheel:?}: vel diff: {diff:?} ({})", diff.length(),);
+
+                let mut force = thrust + friction;
+                force *= dt * 50.0;
+                let force_mag = force.length();
+                if force_mag > max_force_mag {
+                    state.sliding = true;
+                    force = force.normalize_or_zero() * max_force_mag;
+                } else {
+                    state.sliding = false;
+                }
+
+                bike_force.apply_force_at_point(force, contact_point, bike_xform.translation);
+                gizmos.arrow(
+                    contact_point,
+                    contact_point + friction,
+                    Color::linear_rgb(1., 1., 0.2),
+                );
+                gizmos.arrow(
+                    contact_point,
+                    contact_point + thrust,
+                    Color::linear_rgb(1., 0., 0.2),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn drag(
+        mut bike_query: Query<
+            (&Transform, &LinearVelocity, &mut ExternalForce),
+            With<CyberBikeBody>,
+        >,
+        mut gizmos: Gizmos,
+        time: Res<Time>,
+    ) {
+        let (xform, vel, mut force) = bike_query.single_mut();
+
+        let dt = time.delta_secs();
+
+        let speed = vel.length();
+        let dspeed = speed.powf(1.2) * 0.1;
+        let dir = vel.normalize_or_zero();
+        let drag = -dspeed * dt * DRAG_COEFF * dir;
+        if speed > 1.0 {
+            force.apply_force_at_point(drag, xform.translation, xform.translation);
+        }
+
+        bevy::log::debug!("speed: {}, drag force: {}", speed, drag.length());
+
+        gizmos.arrow(
+            xform.translation,
+            xform.translation + drag * 10.,
+            Color::linear_rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn tweak(
+        mut config: Query<&mut WheelConfig>,
+        mut keys: ResMut<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
+    ) {
+        let keyset: std::collections::HashSet<_> = keys.get_pressed().collect();
+        let shifted = keyset.contains(&KeyCode::ShiftLeft) || keyset.contains(&KeyCode::ShiftRight);
+        let config = config.iter_mut();
+        for ref mut c in config {
+            for key in &keyset {
+                match key {
+                    KeyCode::KeyS => {
+                        if shifted {
+                            c.konstant += 0.2;
+                        } else {
+                            c.konstant -= 0.2;
+                        }
+                        bevy::log::info!(c.konstant);
+                    }
+                    KeyCode::KeyD => {
+                        if shifted {
+                            c.damping += 0.1;
+                        } else {
+                            c.damping -= 0.1;
+                        }
+                        bevy::log::info!(c.damping);
+                    }
+
+                    _ => continue,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let released: Vec<_> = keys.get_just_released().copied().collect();
+        for key in released {
+            keys.clear_just_released(key);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-use systems::{apply_lean, calculate_lean};
+use systems::{apply_lean, calculate_lean, drag, steering, suspension, tweak};
 
 pub struct CyberPhysicsPlugin;
 
@@ -175,6 +408,13 @@ impl Plugin for CyberPhysicsPlugin {
             .register_type::<CyberLean>()
             .add_plugins((PhysicsPlugins::default(), PhysicsDebugPlugin::default()))
             .insert_resource(SubstepCount(12))
-            .add_systems(Update, (apply_lean, calculate_lean));
+            .add_systems(Startup, |mut gravity: ResMut<Gravity>| {
+                gravity.0 *= 1.0;
+            })
+            .add_systems(
+                FixedUpdate,
+                (calculate_lean, apply_lean, suspension, steering, drag).chain(),
+            )
+            .add_systems(Update, tweak);
     }
 }